Submarine paani mein niche aur upar kese aati jaati hai ye sawal apke mann bhi hoga, aiye isko jaldi se smajh lete hai. Submarine bani hoti hai high strength steel alloys se jo kaafi heavy aur durable hai. Isko ek capsule ki shape mein bnaya jata hai. Ye doo layer mein divided hoti hai. Iski outer layer ko kehte hai (outer hull) aur inner layer ko kehte hai (inner hull). Aur inn dono ke beech mein gap hota hai jisse ballast tank bolte hai.
Aur submarine ke upar aur niche le jane buoyancy ka istemal kiya jata hai. Ye tanks submarine ki buoyancy control aur usko balance karne mein madad karte hain aur ye submarine mein kai jagah pe hote hain.
Jab submarine paani ke upar float krti hai tab uski buoyancy neutral hoti hai jiska mtlb upar jaane wali force gravitational force ke barabar hai. Submarine ko paani ke andar dalne ke liye trim pumps ka istemal hota hai jiski ki madad se ballast tank mein paani bhara jata hai, isse submarine ki density paani ke pressure se zada ho jati hai aur negatively buoyant hone ke karan, paani mein easily chali jati hai.
Aur jab submarine ko surface pr aana hota hai toh tab compressor ka use krke compressed air ko tanks mein bhara jata hai, jiske pressure se pani tanks se bahar nikal jata hai. Jisse submarine ki density paani ke pressure se kam hoti hai aur vo positively buoyant hoke paani ke upar aati hai.
History of submarines
Submarines ne naval warfare mein pehli baar ek major role World War I (1914–18) ke dauran play kiya, jab Germany ne unhe surface merchant vessels ko destroy karne ke liye use kiya. Aise attacks mein submarines apne primary weapon, ek self-propelled underwater missile jise torpedo kehte hain, ka use karti thi.
World War II (1939–45) mein bhi submarines ne ek similar role play kiya, lekin is baar ye attacks Atlantic (Germany ke dwara) aur Pacific (United States ke dwara) dono theaters mein hue. 1960s ke dauran, nuclear-powered submarine aayi, jo months tak underwater reh sakti thi aur bina surface kiye long-range nuclear missiles fire kar sakti thi. Isne naval warfare mein ek important strategic weapon platform ban gaya. Nuclear attack submarines, jo torpedoes ke saath antiship aur antisubmarine missiles se bhi armed hoti hain, ab naval warfare ka ek key element ban gayi hain.
Ab ek brief history dekhte hain submarines ki development ki 17th century se lekar aaj tak. Dusre warships ke history ke liye, dekh sakte hain naval ship. Aur modern attack aur strategic submarines ke weaponry ke liye, rocket aur missile system dekh sakte hain.
Early hand-powered submersibles:
Pehli serious discussion ek “submarine” ke baare mein 1578 mein British mathematician aur naval subjects ke writer William Bourne ne ki thi. Bourne ne ek completely enclosed boat propose ki, jo underwater navigate kiya ja sakta tha. Iska design ek wooden frame tha jo waterproof leather se cover kiya gaya tha; is boat ko submerged karne ke liye volume reduce kiya jata tha sides ko hand vises ke use se contract karke. Bourne ne apni boat ko actually construct nahi kiya, aur Cornelis Drebbel (ya Cornelius van Drebel), ek Dutch inventor, ko pehla submarine build karne ka credit diya jata hai.
1620 aur 1624 ke beech, Drebbel ne apne craft ko Thames River, England mein 12 se 15 feet (4 se 5 meters) ki gehraai mein maneuver kiya. Kahani hai ki King James I ne bhi is craft mein ek chhoti ride ki thi. Drebbel ki submarine Bourne ke proposed design se milti-julti thi, jisme outer hull wooden frame par greased leather se cover kiya gaya tha; oars sides ke through extend hote the aur tight-fitting leather flaps se sealed the, jo propulsion ka means provide karte the surface aur underwater dono par. Drebbel ki pehli craft ke baad, usi principle par based do badi submarines banayi gayi.
Submarine ko pehli baar offensive weapon ke roop mein naval warfare mein American Revolution (1775–83) ke dauran use kiya gaya. Turtle, ek one-man craft thi jo David Bushnell ne invent ki thi, jo Yale ka student tha. Ye wooden craft ek walnut ki shape mein thi jo ek end par khadi thi (dekhne ke liye photograph dekhein). Submerged hone par, Turtle ko operator ke dwara cranked propellers se power diya jata tha.
Plan ye tha ki Turtle underwater approach karke ek British warship ke pass pahuche, ship ke hull par gunpowder ka charge attach kare ek screw device ke through jo craft ke andar se operate kiya jata tha, aur charge ko time fuse se explode karne se pehle wahan se chala jaye. Lekin actual attack ke dauran, Turtle copper sheathing ke through screw ko force nahi kar payi jo warship ke hull par tha.
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