Power plants se lekar aapke ghar tak bijli phochi kese hai? Aaye jante hai
Bijli ko alag-alag power plants pe alag-alag tarike se banaya jata hai, pr ye waha se seedha humare ghar tak nhi aati, bulki beech mein ek bus ki tarah kuch stops ke through hoti hui humare ghar tak pohochti hai. Inn stops ko subsations kehte hai jahan voltage ko kam ya zada krte hai, aur inke sath protection devices lagaye jate hai. Jo ki kharabi aane pr sirf apne hisse ki electricity ko band krta hai.
Power plants 11000V par bijli produce krta hai. Jise ek, step-up trasnformer, 11kV se bada kr 132kV ya usse zada tak kr deta hai. Esa electricity ko dur tak pohochane ke liye kara jata hai, zada voltage se electricity zada dur tak transmit ho sakti hai. Aur isse same amount of power ko transfer krne ke liye current bhi kam ho jata, jisse transmission lines ke conductos ka size, weight aur cost kam ho jati hai.
Uske baad iss electricity ko transmission lines ke through, transmission substation tak bhejte hai, jaha isko step-down transformers ki madad se 132kV se kam krke 33kV tak kr dete hai. Transmission line ke raste me agr koi industrial area hai toh waha bhi power chote substation me lage ek step down transformer ke zariye de di jati hai.
Uske baad isko doo part mein divide kra jata hai, 33kV aur 11kV, 33kV ko cities ke sath situated industrial areas mein bhejte hai, aur 11kV ko ek aur step-down transformer se 415V tak decrease krke, 3 phase 4 wire system me convert kiya jata hai. Uske baad, ek ek phase ko neutral ke sath combine krke, 230V per phase ke hisaab se gharon tak bheja jata hai. Itni saari bijli ko hum kahi store nahi kar sakte, isiliye hum isse instantly use kr lete.
History
1831 mein British physicist aur chemist Michael Faraday ne electromagnetic induction ka avishkar kiya, jismein unhone yeh paaya ki jab ek taar ko stationary magnetic field ke through move kiya jata hai toh usmein electrical current induce hoti hai. Is discovery se unhone pehla electric generator banaya, jiske principles aaj bhi har electric power generation mein use hote hain, chahe wo coal, oil, gas, hydro ya nuclear energy se ho.
Pehle power plants ya toh hydro power ya coal se chale. 1882 mein American inventor Thomas Edison ne Manhattan ke Pearl Street mein pehla central power station banaya, jo coal-fired steam engines se chalta tha aur direct current (DC) se New York ki public lighting ke liye electricity supply karta tha.
Alternating current (AC) ke aane se, jo DC ke mukable alag voltages mein electricity convert kar sakta tha, central power stations ka use commercially viable ban gaya. Isne hydro aur coal-generated power ke advances ko tez kar diya. Coal power ki evolution bhi tezi se hui, kyunki demand badh rahi thi aur mining sector bhi dynamic tha.
Phir aayi gas power, jo 20th century ke shuruat mein hi zyada popular hui jab aircraft technology, engineering aur manufacturing advancements ne gas power technology ko naye heights tak le gaya.
1951 mein, Experimental Breeder Reactor I ke inauguration ke sath, pehla nuclear reactor electricity generate karne ke liye bana. In disasters ne nuclear power ko replace karne ki zaroorat ko utha diya lekin kuch log believe karte hain ki nuclear energy ka low carbon future aur UN Sustainable Development goals ke liye important role hai. International Energy Authority (IEA) ke according 1970-2013 ke beech 163 Gt CO2 emissions jo low-carbon energy se avoid hui usme se 41% nuclear power ki wajah se thi aur sirf 6% solar aur wind ki wajah se.
Renewable energy sources jaise solar aur wind ka use bhi badh raha hai. Yeh sources CO2 emissions ko kam karne ke saath-saath energy security ko bhi enhance karte hain, fuel spills ke risk ko kam karte hain price stability ko badhate hain aur job creation ke potential ko bhi badhate hain. Renewable energy nayi invention nahi hai; insaan sun, wind aur water ki power ko millennia se use kar rahe hain.
Lekin modern renewable energy generation jo late 19th century mein hydro power plants se shuru hui thi aur ab wind aur solar se aage badh rahi hai ko battery storage aur technology ke advancements ke wajah se zyada stable aur cost-effective banaya ja raha hai.
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